I ka wā o ka hau hau nui o 1998, ua maloʻo ka hau ma nā laina uila a me nā pou, e hoʻomaloʻo ana i ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka ʻaoʻao hema o Kanada, a waiho i nā mea he nui i ke anuanu a me ka pouli no nā lā a me nā pule.Inā ʻo ia ka makani turbines, nā hale kiaʻi mana, nā drones a i ʻole nā ​​ʻēheu mokulele, ʻo ka hakakā ʻana me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hau e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia i nā ala e hoʻopau ai i ka manawa, pipiʻi a/a i ʻole hoʻohana i ka nui o ka ikehu a me nā mea kemika like ʻole.Akā i ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano, manaʻo nā mea noiʻi o McGill ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi ala hou e hoʻoholo ai i ka pilikia.Ua hoʻoulu ʻia lākou e nā ʻēheu o nā penguins gentoo, nā penguins e ʻauʻau ana i nā wai hau o ka ʻāina Antarctic, ʻaʻole maloʻo ko lākou hulu inā ʻoi aku ka mahana o waho ma lalo o ka hau.
Ua noiʻi mua mākou i nā waiwai o nā lau lotus, maikaʻi loa i ka wai wicking, akā ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole maikaʻi lākou i ka wai wicking.wahi a Ann Kitzig, ke kaukaʻi kōkua o ka ʻenekinia kemika ma McGill University a me ka luna o ka Biomimetic Surface Engineering Lab, ka mea e ʻimi nei i kahi hopena no kahi kokoke i ʻumi makahiki, kahi mea hiki ke wehe i ka wai a me ka hau.“
Hōʻike ke kiʻi hema i ke ʻano microscopic o kahi hulu penguin (he 10-micron kokoke i ka hoʻokomo ʻana e like me ka 1/10 ka laulā o ka lauoho kanaka, e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka unahi).mai nā hulu lālā.Hoʻohana ʻia nā "hooks" e hoʻohui i nā hulu hulu pākahi e hana i nā ʻōpala.Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau he uwea kila kilaloleua hoʻonani ka poʻe noiʻi me nā nanogrooves, e hoʻopili ana i ka hierarchy o ka hoʻolālā hulu penguin (uaea metala me nā nanogrooves ma luna).
"Ua ʻike mākou ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hulu e hāʻawi i nā waiwai hoʻokahe, a ʻo kā lākou mau serrated surfaces e hōʻemi i ka paʻa ʻana o ka hau," wehewehe ʻo Michael Wood, he haumāna puka hou e hana pū ana me Kitziger, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kākau o ka noiʻi.Ua paʻi nā mea kākau i kahi ʻatikala hou ma ACS Applied Material Interfaces."Ua hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopili i kēia mau hopena i hui pū ʻia me ka mīkini ʻoki ʻoki laser."
Ua hoʻohui ʻo Kitzig: "Me he mea lā he counterintuitive, akā ʻo ke kī o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau ʻo ia nā pores āpau ma ka mesh e hoʻomoʻa i ka wai ma lalo o nā kūlana hau.ʻO ka wai i loko o kēia mau pores ka mea hope loa e maloʻo, a i kona hoʻonui ʻana, hana ia i nā māwae e like me kāu e ʻike ai i loko o nā pahu hau pahu hau.Pono mākou e ho'āʻo liʻiliʻi e wehe i ka hau mai ka pā, no ka mea, ʻo nā māwae o kēlā me kēia puka e hele maʻalahi ma ka ʻili o kēia mau uea wili.
Ua hana nā mea noiʻi i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka tunnel makani ma nā ʻaoʻao i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻike ʻia he 95 pakeneka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka hau ma mua o nā panela kila kila ʻole.No ka mea ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka lāʻau kemika, hāʻawi ke ala hou i kahi hopena mālama ʻole i ka pilikia o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hau ma nā turbines makani, nā pou mana, nā laina mana a me nā drones.
"Ma muli o ka nui o nā lula o ka mokulele mokulele a me nā pilikia e pili ana, ʻaʻole paha e uhi ʻia kahi ʻēheu mokulele i ka metala.makaʻu, "i hoʻohui ai ʻo Kitzig."Akā, i kekahi lā, loaʻa paha i ka ʻili o ka ʻēheu mokulele ke ʻano o kā mākou e aʻo nei, a e hana ʻia ka deicing ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā hana de-icing kuʻuna e hana pū ana ma ka ʻēheu.Aia ka ʻili i nā mea i hoʻoulu ʻia e nā ʻēheu penguin..ka ʻili o ka ʻili.”
"ʻO nā mea pale anti-icing hilinaʻi e pili ana i nā hana ʻelua - ice flaking i hana ʻia e ka microstructure a me ka drainage i hoʻonui ʻia e ka nanostructure", na Michael J. Wood, Gregory Brock, Juliette Debret, Philippe Servio a me Anne-Marie Kitzig, i paʻi ʻia ma ACS Appl.matt.interface
Hoʻokumu ʻia ma Montréal, Quebec i ka makahiki 1821, ʻo McGill University ka helu ʻekahi o ke kulanui olakino ma Kanada.Hoʻonohonoho mau ʻia ʻo McGill i waena o nā kula maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻāina a me ka honua.He kula hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe ʻo "ka honua kaulana" me nā hana noiʻi ma waena o ʻekolu mau pā kula, 11 mau keʻena, 13 mau kula ʻoihana, 300 mau papahana aʻo a ʻoi aku ma mua o 40,000 mau haumāna, me nā haumāna 10,200 puka.Hoʻokomo ʻo McGill i nā haumāna mai 150 mau ʻāina, a ʻo kāna 12,800 mau haumāna honua he 31% o kāna kino haumāna.ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā haumāna McGill he ʻōlelo makuahine ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, a ma kahi o 19 pakeneka o kēia mau haumāna e manaʻo nei ʻo ka ʻōlelo Palani kā lākou ʻōlelo mua.