ʻO Umicore Electroplating ma Kelemānia hoʻohana i nā anodes electrolytic kiʻekiʻe.Ma kēia kaʻina hana, waiho ʻia ka platinum ma luna o nā mea kumu e like me titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, stainless steel a me nā nickel alloys i loko o ka ʻauʻau paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma 550 ° C ma lalo o argon.
Kiʻi 2: Paʻa ke ʻano o ka platinum / titanium anode electroplated kiʻekiʻe i kona ʻano no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Kiʻi 3: Hoʻonui ʻia mesh Pt / Ti anode.Hāʻawi ka mīkini metala hoʻonui i ka lawe electrolyte maikaʻi loa.Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻāpana anode a me nā cathode a hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o kēia manawa.ʻO ka hopena: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka manawa liʻiliʻi.
Kiʻi 4: Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka laulā o ka mesh ma ka anode mesh mesh i hoʻonui ʻia.Hāʻawi ka mesh i ka hoʻonui electrolyte circulation a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana i ke kinoea.
Nānā pono ʻia ke alakaʻi ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.Ma US, pili nā luna olakino a me nā wahi hana i kā lākou ʻōlelo luhi.ʻOiai nā makahiki o ka ʻike ʻana o nā hui electroplating i ka pili ʻana i nā mea pōʻino, ke hoʻomau nei ka nānā ʻana i ka metala.
No ka laʻana, pono e hoʻopaʻa inoa ka mea hoʻohana i nā anodes alakaʻi ma ʻAmelika me ka EPA Federal Toxic Chemical Release Register.Inā hana kahi hui electroplating ma kahi o 29 kg o ke alakaʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki, pono ke kākau inoa.
No laila, pono e ʻimi i kahi ʻokoʻa ma USA.ʻAʻole wale ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka mea kanu paʻa chromium paʻakikī alakaʻi i ka nānā mua ʻana, he nui nō hoʻi nā hemahema:
ʻO nā anodes paʻa dimensional he mea hoihoi i ka paʻi chromium paʻakikī (e nānā i ka Fig. 2) me kahi ʻili platinum ma ka titanium a i ʻole ka niobium ma ke ʻano he substrate.
Hāʻawi nā anodes i uhi ʻia Platinum i nā pono he nui ma mua o ka paʻa chromium paʻakikī.Loaʻa kēia mau mea pono:
No nā hualoaʻa kūpono, hoʻololi i ka anode i ka hoʻolālā o ka ʻāpana e uhi ʻia.ʻO kēia ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i nā anodes me nā ana paʻa (nā papa, nā cylinders, T-shaped a me U-shaped), aʻo nā anodes alakaʻi ka nui o nā lau maʻamau a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau.
Pt/Ti a me Pt/Nb anodes ʻaʻole i pani ʻia, akā, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pepa metala me ka nui o ka mesh.Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hāʻawi maikaʻi ʻana o ka ikehu, hiki i nā māla uila ke hana i loko a puni ka pūnaewele (e nānā i ke kiʻi 3).
No laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mamao ma waena o kaanodea me ka cathode, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka flux density o ka uhi.Hiki ke hoʻopili wikiwiki ʻia nā papa: hoʻonui ʻia ka hua.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā grids me kahi ākea ākea nui hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i nā kūlana kaʻawale.
Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kūpaʻa dimensional ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka platinum a me ka titanium.Hāʻawi nā metala ʻelua i nā ʻāpana kūpono no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka chrome paʻakikī.He haʻahaʻa loa ka resistivity o ka platinum, ʻo 0.107 Ohm×mm2/m wale nō.ʻaneʻane pālua ka waiwai o ke kēpau ma mua o ke kēpau (0.208 ohm×mm2/m).ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka Titanium, akā naʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia kēia hiki ke kū i mua o nā halides.No ka laʻana, ʻo ka haʻihaʻi ʻana o ka titanium i loko o ka chloride-containing electrolytes mai 10 a 15 V, ma muli o ka pH.ʻOi aku kēia ma mua o ka niobium (35 a 50 V) a me tantalum (70 a 100 V).
Loaʻa nā hemahema o ka Titanium ma ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā waikawa ikaika e like me ka sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic a me methanesulfonic acids.Eia naʻe,titaniumHe koho maikaʻi nō ia ma muli o kona machinability a me ke kumukūʻai.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o kahi papa platinum ma luna o kahi substrate titanium i ka electrochemically e ke kiʻekiʻe wela electrolysis (HTE) i loko o nā paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe.ʻO ke kaʻina hana HTE paʻakikī e hōʻoia i ka uhi pololei: i loko o kahi ʻauʻau hoʻoheheʻe 550 ° C i hana ʻia mai ka hui ʻana o ka potassium a me ka sodium cyanides i loaʻa ma kahi o 1% a 3% platinum, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka metala makamae ma luna o ka titanium.Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka substrate i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa me ka argon, a ʻo ka ʻauʻau paʻakai i loko o kahi kīʻaha pālua.Hāʻawi nā ʻauwaʻa mai 1 a i 5 A/dm2 i ka helu insulation o 10 a 50 microns i kēlā me kēia hola me kahi ʻūhā uhi o 0.5 a 2 V.
Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā anodes Platinized e hoʻohana ana i ke kaʻina HTE i nā anodes i uhi ʻia me ka wai electrolyte.ʻO ka maʻemaʻe o nā uhi platinum mai ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma kahi o 99.9%, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā papa platinum i waiho ʻia mai nā wai wai.Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ductility, adhesion a me ka corrosion resistance me ka liʻiliʻi o ka haʻalulu kūloko.
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka anode, ʻo ka mea nui loa ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ʻano kākoʻo a me ka lako mana anode.ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa ʻo ka wela a me ka makani i ka uhi ʻana o ka titanium ma luna o ke kumu keleawe.ʻO ke keleawe kahi mea hoʻokele kūpono me ka resistivity ma kahi o 9% wale nō o ka Pb/Sn alloys.ʻO ka hāʻawi mana CuTi e hōʻoia i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka mana ma ka anode, no laila ua like ka māhele mānoanoa o ka papa ma ka hui cathode.
ʻO kekahi hopena maikaʻi ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka wela.Hoʻemi ʻia nā koi hoʻoluʻu a hoʻemi ʻia ka lole platinum ma ka anode.ʻO ka uhi ʻana o ka titanium anti-corrosion e pale i ke kumu keleawe.Ke hana hou i ka metala i hoʻonui ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomākaukau wale i ke kiʻi a/a i ʻole ka lako mana.Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana hou i nā manawa he nui.
Ma ka hahai ʻana i kēia mau alakaʻi hoʻolālā, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā hiʻohiʻona Pt/Ti a i ʻole Pt/Nb e hana i nā "anodes kūpono" no ka paʻa chromium paʻakikī.ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o nā kumu hoʻohālike dimensionally stable ma ke kahua hoʻopukapuka ma mua o nā anodes alakaʻi.Eia nō naʻe, i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kumukūʻai i nā kikoʻī hou aku, hiki i kahi hiʻohiʻona platinum-plated titanium ke lilo i mea hoihoi i ka palaka chrome paʻakikī.
Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ke alakaʻi maʻamau a me nā anodes platinum.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻanodes ʻewalu alakaʻi (1700 mm ka lōʻihi a me 40 mm ke anawaena) i hana ʻia me PbSn7 me nā anodes Pt/Ti kūpono no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka chromium o nā ʻāpana cylindrical.ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā anode alakaʻi ʻewalu ma kahi o 1,400 euros (1,471 US dollars), i ka ʻike mua ʻana me he mea lā.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā e hoʻomohala i nā anodes Pt/Ti.ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai mua ma kahi o 7,000 euros.ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o nā hoʻopau Platinum.ʻO nā metala makamae maʻemaʻe wale nō ka 45% o kēia nui.Pono ka 2.5 µm mānoanoa o ka platinum i 11.3 g metala makamae no kēlā me kēia ʻewalu anodes.Ma ke kumu kūʻai o 35 euros no ka gram, pili kēia me 3160 euros.
ʻOiai e like paha me nā anodes alakaʻi ke koho maikaʻi loa, hiki ke loli koke kēia i ka nānā ʻana.Ma hope o ʻekolu mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o kahi anode alakaʻi ma mua o ke kumu hoʻohālike Pt/Ti.Ma kahi laʻana helu conservative, e noʻonoʻo i ka 40 A/dm2.ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ka kahe mana ma kahi ʻili anode i hāʻawi ʻia o 168 dm2 he 6720 amperes ma 6700 mau hola o ka hana no ʻekolu makahiki.Pili kēia me 220 mau lā hana mai 10 mau hola hana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka platinum i ka hopena, e emi mālie ka mānoanoa o ka papa platinum.I ka laʻana, manaʻo ʻia kēia he 2 grams no ka miliona amp-hola.
Nui nā kumu no ka uku kumukūʻai o Pt/Ti ma luna o nā anodes alakaʻi.Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana uila (kumukūʻai 0.14 EUR/kWh me 14,800 kWh/makahiki) e pili ana i 2,000 EUR i kēlā me kēia makahiki.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai ke kumukūʻai makahiki ma kahi o 500 euros no ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka sludge chromate lead, a me 1000 euros no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hana haʻahaʻa - nā helu conservative.
ʻO ka huina kālā o nā anodes alakaʻi ma luna o ʻekolu makahiki he €14,400 ($15,130).ʻO ke kumu kūʻai o nā anodes Pt/Ti he 12,020 euros, me ka recoating.ʻOiai me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻana i nā kumukūʻai mālama a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hana (1000 euros i kēlā me kēia makahiki), hiki i ka helu hoʻomaha ma hope o ʻekolu mau makahiki.Mai kēia manawa mai, piʻi aʻe ka hakahaka ma waena o lākou i ke aloha o ka anode Pt/Ti.
Nui nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana pono i nā pono like ʻole o ka platinum coated electrolytic anodes kiʻekiʻe.ʻO nā kukui, semiconductor a me nā mea hana papa kaapuni, kaʻa, hydraulics, mining, wai a me nā loko ʻauʻau e hilinaʻi nei i kēia mau ʻenehana uhi.E hoʻomohala ʻia nā noi hou aʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, ʻo ke kumukūʻai hoʻomau a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kaiapuni he mea hopohopo no ka wā lōʻihi.ʻO ka hopena, hiki i ke alakaʻi ke hoʻonui i ka nānā ʻana.
Ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻatikala mua ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemānia ma Annual Surface Technology (Vol. 71, 2015) i hoʻoponopono ʻia e Prof. Timo Sörgel mai Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Germany.Na Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau/Kelemānia.
I ka hapa nui o nā hana hoʻopau metala, hoʻohana ʻia ka masking, kahi e hana ʻia ai kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻili o ka ʻāpana.Akā, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka masking ma nā wahi i koi ʻole ʻia ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole pono e pale ʻia.Hoʻopili kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano he nui o ka masking hoʻopau metala, me nā noi, nā ʻenehana, a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka masking i hoʻohana ʻia.